「聯誦」修訂間的差異
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# 單音節 prep + N(P)/Pron/etc. | # 單音節 prep + N(P)/Pron/etc. | ||
#: '''chez‿u'''n‿ami 在一位朋友家 | #: '''chez‿u'''n‿ami 在一位朋友家 | ||
between two complements of a ditransitive verb: donner des cadeaux à Jean /dɔ.ne de ka.do ∅ a ʒɑ̃/ ("give presents to Jean")[citation needed] | |||
between two complete clauses: "Ils parlent et j'écoute." /il paʁl ∅ e ʒe.kut/ ("They talk and I listen.") | |||
after certain words, for example et ("and"), and all singular nouns. This can help disambiguate between word uses: un précieux insolent /œ̃ pʁe.sjø ɛ̃.sɔ.lɑ̃/ (pronounced without liaison) could mean "an insolent member of the précieuses literary movement" (précieux can be a noun), but with liaison un précieux insolent /œ̃ pʁe.sjø.z‿ɛ̃.sɔ.lɑ̃/can only refer to a precious insolent person (précieux can also be an adjective). | |||
In fixed expressions, singular nouns can allow liaison (accent‿aigu, fait‿accompli, cas‿échéant, mot‿à mot, de part‿et d'autre). | |||
before "aspirated h" words: These are phonetically vowel-initial words that are exceptionally marked as not allowing liaison. Most of these words are written with a leading h (haricot, héros, haleter) which is not pronounced itself, but a few begin with a vowel or glide (onze, oui, yaourt). Note that some words beginning in h do experience liaison (e.g. homme in tout homme). Such words are said to begin with a mute h or h muet. | |||
Grammars mention other contexts where liaison is "forbidden", despite (or precisely because) speakers sometimes do produce them spontaneously. | |||
==禁止聯誦== | ==禁止聯誦== | ||
:註:下標<sub>x</sub>表示不聯誦 | |||
# NP(非代名詞的名詞片語)<sub>x</sub>+V | |||
#:Mes‿amis<sub>x</sub> arrivent | |||
# 兩個獨立補語之間(註:被標來源請求) | |||
#:Mdonner des cadeaux<sub>x</sub> à Jean | |||
# 一些詞以後: | |||
## et 和 | |||
## 單數名詞(但有反例) | |||
# 前字+「噓音h」(個人註:應該是天字第一號規定了) | # 前字+「噓音h」(個人註:應該是天字第一號規定了) | ||
[[category:法語]] | [[category:法語]] |
於 2023年6月29日 (四) 23:22 的修訂
主要摘自英文維基百科聯誦條目的摘要。
出現於:
- C + (V|[jwɥ]),即前字子音尾,後字(半)母音頭之間,但是噓音h(aspirated h;有音のh)不可出現。
- 在兩個有關係的字詞間
- 個人註:可以比較臺語的句中變調,或是愛爾蘭語的子音交替,也是出現在有關係的字詞間。
聯誦規則其實視對話的情境(正式或不正式等等)而定,並沒有一個各種情況都一律使用的規則。聯誦越多比較正式,可以分爲三類:
- 必須聯誦(應)
- 禁止聯誦(不得)
- 自由聯誦(得)
聯誦的發音方法
- -d, -t -> [.t‿]
- -s, -z, -x -> [.z‿]
- -f -> [.v‿]
- -c, -q -> [.k‿]
- -g -> [.k‿](傳統)/[.g‿](當代)
- -il, -ille -> [i.j‿]
數字聯誦方法
- six
- 以下適用聯誦[si(z)]:後接月份名、adj、n。括號()表示聯誦時才發音,下同。
- [sis] 單唸
- sept
- 一直唸[set]
- 'huit(撇號'表示噓音不聯誦h)
- 以下適用聯誦[ɥi(t)]:後接月份名、adj、n
- [ɥit]:單唸
- neuf
- 以下適用聯誦[nø(f)]:後接月份名、adj、n
- [nøf]:單唸
- dix
- 以下適用聯誦[di(s)]:後接月份名、adj、n
- [dis]:單唸
- 下列衍生詞:
- dix-sept [dis.set]
- dix-huit [di.zɥit]
- dix-neuf [diz.nøf]
- vingt
- [vɛ̃(t)]:名詞、形容詞、21~29要聯誦。
- 單唸:[vɛ̃]
- quatre-vingts
- 以下適用聯誦[ka.tʁə.vɛ̃(s)]:名詞、形容詞。
- 單唸:[ka.tʁə.vɛ̃]。
- 數詞中(81~99)的形式是 quatre-vingt,去掉-s。一律唸:[ka.tʁə.vɛ̃]
必須聯誦
- 限定詞+adj/n
- 限定詞:冠詞:les、所有格:mons等、tout(所有的)等。
- les‿enfants 這些小孩
- mon‿ancien prof 我以前的老師
- Pron+V or V+Pron or Pron+Pron
- nous‿avons 我們(現在)有
- prenez‿en 拿一些。
- elles‿ en‿achètent 她們(現在)買一些(綠色:Pron+Pron,藍色:Pron+V)
- 註:前2種情況,也要把le、la、je、me、se 等代詞、限定詞省略子音(elision)
- 部分語彙化的複詞
- États‿-Unis 美國
- porc‿-épic 豪豬 (PORcupine)
被列爲必須聯誦的高頻聯誦
- adj. + N
- important‿effort [ɛ̃.pɔʁ.tɑ̃.t‿e.fɔʁ] 重大的努力
- adv. + V/A/adv.
- assez‿intéressant [a.se.z‿ɛ̃.te.ʁe.sɑ̃] 相當地有趣
- 單音節 prep + N(P)/Pron/etc.
- chez‿un‿ami 在一位朋友家
between two complements of a ditransitive verb: donner des cadeaux à Jean /dɔ.ne de ka.do ∅ a ʒɑ̃/ ("give presents to Jean")[citation needed] between two complete clauses: "Ils parlent et j'écoute." /il paʁl ∅ e ʒe.kut/ ("They talk and I listen.") after certain words, for example et ("and"), and all singular nouns. This can help disambiguate between word uses: un précieux insolent /œ̃ pʁe.sjø ɛ̃.sɔ.lɑ̃/ (pronounced without liaison) could mean "an insolent member of the précieuses literary movement" (précieux can be a noun), but with liaison un précieux insolent /œ̃ pʁe.sjø.z‿ɛ̃.sɔ.lɑ̃/can only refer to a precious insolent person (précieux can also be an adjective).
In fixed expressions, singular nouns can allow liaison (accent‿aigu, fait‿accompli, cas‿échéant, mot‿à mot, de part‿et d'autre).
before "aspirated h" words: These are phonetically vowel-initial words that are exceptionally marked as not allowing liaison. Most of these words are written with a leading h (haricot, héros, haleter) which is not pronounced itself, but a few begin with a vowel or glide (onze, oui, yaourt). Note that some words beginning in h do experience liaison (e.g. homme in tout homme). Such words are said to begin with a mute h or h muet.
Grammars mention other contexts where liaison is "forbidden", despite (or precisely because) speakers sometimes do produce them spontaneously.
禁止聯誦
- 註:下標x表示不聯誦
- NP(非代名詞的名詞片語)x+V
- Mes‿amisx arrivent
- 兩個獨立補語之間(註:被標來源請求)
- Mdonner des cadeauxx à Jean
- 一些詞以後:
- et 和
- 單數名詞(但有反例)
- 前字+「噓音h」(個人註:應該是天字第一號規定了)