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the outline of “apital by carl marx
PART] THF PRODUCING OF SURPLUS VAT.UF
q=4t-- 1-1 commodity-concurrent-capital Ch.1 commodity (siong1=phin2 Wealth: those things that have benefits to human.
Mature resource and artificial resource. -) artifittial resources are from nat re.
the prodution from labor:
- 1f6r priviate usage
- 2 the commodity (siong-phin2)
those have benefits for others are exchangable. divison 0° habour -) exbhaange between tribals -) exuhange between
individuals. the basic standard for exchanging ® among XsV¥sZ&&C it is the value (jia-zhi) value+- = usage value + labour relying on social working time ( average) + the expenses from producing. the-ayerase-—-Lor-re+ruired- ; the required time to produce a productis relying on the productitity of a sciery. 44 hencep if the produciont time of a hat decreased to its halt, the value of the hat becomes t its halt then. the value is negative relavent to the producing $amev-- effort. the value's changing is not always related to the changing + of its price. the wealth is from land, labour,and t e wealth is sométimes keave-- having no labour tnside it. the use value 4se¥a- (su3-iong? ke3-tat8) is not its value. asa--- use value is frm its natual propert es, but tte "value" is from
its labour time to produce it. The duality of labouring
the different kind of labour mathods determines the valhe- use- use ¥vAsHE value. and the lawour generic costing detemines the value.
only if the use value between 2 products #re different, the exchange
can happen.