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——

Trerodution tp mpdern linguostics
Chung Jung-fu 2006, 978957414 1848

Chapter

12 daiachroinic linguistics
dia-) 2crass-) two, ehonice =) Gk. chronos, time

Lik=--su2 gi2-gian5-hak8

Language has been changing

12.1 origin of languages

. £22. m : > _
4 dls onomatopoeia ( onoma ( Gk.n me ; Gk. poeia, make of Gk. »

08h from gesture /powy. langvege; tea : = -
3. from the growing of the brein capacity 3 3 =
he from the genes of the proto-human. ti 0g

However, the above hypothesis are all nowt certain.

12.2 the Bistory of tnglish
Old Eng. 449-1066

Middle Fnglish 1066-1500
Modern “nglish 1500-present

12.3 tte changing of a language
lexicon -\’ 1. borrowing, coinage
pork vs meat
"nglish is always borrowing lexicons frm other languageSse
me lost of a word - cukture effexts, changed by the dominating upper
language, %&C.
change of eranmar 7
yufa de gaibian. |
1. phonetic changing - €&-+ Great Vowel : Shift of "nglish
the vowels became closer ( a-) e; o-)u; etc.) but i -) ai; u-)au
and the short form of the equivelent phoeme is reizined in the same
eppes position.
1. Great Vowel Shift is a context-free change.
2. it's a push chain.
%. it make the speelinng cange irreglar.
12.3.3"2.2 morphlogtal chonge -) koo3-su5--e5 kai2-pian3
- addition or loss
Tm#lish lost the gender dictinction and the case suffixes

during its development.

kgo3-sud,teinge kag? exnanwedicati 2ektont pecame a suffix

eg.Gaeldom.
Mandarin: xx-sing3; xx-too7; xx-ka; xx-hoa3
grammiticalization is affected by the language contaction.
12.3.2.3 syntactic change 7
1. Old "nglish -) SVO and ROV -) svo,
2. hath not -) dossn&t have.
12.3-2.4 semantic change

1. broadening, narrowing, sementic shift

ber- - broadening: bird (a small fowl) ~) any bird,
HD - narrowing: meat--\) food.-) fesh of an anmal.
= sementic shdft : silly -) happy -) naive -) foolish

“the sementic ehangein shifting is from the deviration of sementics,.i, —_.

por its misusing. 1 — Ee rWOTR Ody MOTT |g .
12.4 Simtic language : — 4

601 ') -) Ld chinese & Middle “d “Hinese distinction

Yuan Dynasty -) Middle Od “hinese & Modern CYinese distincton
Qieyun -) may be influenced by Ban ni, a Tndian Rook, tten it using

fanaie.

Mad Chinese, lingusticlist suggested that the consonant cluster is 4 T
dimishied, and the voiced FoR MBB kame unvoiced cnsonaht.
and the Zuoyin -) yang; OQingyin -) yin
the ping, shang,qu,ru in 962d-Bhinese-- Viddle Old Chinese (merely 4 tones

the entrting loss is shown in Beijing Mandarin.

the Guoyu's syllables are 1,300; while Hokkien or Hakka is circa. 1870
12.4.2 Lexicns
the monosyllabic words is 0,d chinese are more than in Mandarin.

the classifier became more: O]d Chinesem, usually without classifiers
to descripbe the quantity. iene
nlg Chinese, many nouns and adjectives are also bebe tio dbel val ivddicate.
Syntacitg : (2)
in (1) interrogative, and negetive clause with pronouns as a object of
the words cay ty pil + Bhi id ter veep:
(THIS) .
ba and nei evntax form the bei passive form is influenced by

western 7 anguages.42<4
12.5 lang-age reconstruction

- comparative reconstruction

- internal reconstruction
Neo-gramarian -) re structi the P - 1
APEUHE SPD GP? od BaRPEUAE MEEEGRE nEZRREIDE ot ree eee
reconstructing language -) principles of majority and principle of lp-

langusge comparison has to find the systemic phonetic correspondance
to fnd if they're congates or nt.
12.5.2 intersl recnstretin
-merph word-forming and the intseractin of voices.
complementary distrudution -)/e eh(i) and ch- in Taiwanese.
the reason of language changing
ease of articulation (huat-im hong-pian)

- analogy
= language cont act
HH ease of artichlation: assimilation and diss@milation
- progressive assimilation and regressive assimilation and

mutual assimilation : pAat-a2 ; intpossible -)impossible

mutual assimilation: ng-mo -) m mofng5-moo) in Puxian; n + pe -) m me
(don't sell) in Buxian
12.6.1.2 dissimilation
deletion; insertion; metathesis -) autumn -) /n/ deletes
insertion -) wantd -) wanted
mettathesis: kitchen -) kiStin -) st changing
snalosy -) jreamt chunded 9s dreamed.
Language ¢uiaetion 5-hun}+-kai3--suann3-
isogloss ( seperating-language line)
diglossia and bilingualism
superstratum vs substratum ( hogh language and low language)
language changéhg makes word-borrowing
12.7 theories in historical linguististsxs

1. nen-trammar an:

the sound change has no exception.

2. lewical diffusion (khok-san3) teory

the chaiging of lexicon is from random, but the effect will spread tob
more languageée
12.723 wave-theory (like th distribution of Japenese aho vs baka.
12.7.4 language faily tree( tree of genetic languages)
the disputes: the corpus to be compared s uld be large enoughe

the size of a lingvyage group and how to determnd the association

catearv.
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