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—— Trerodution tp mpdern linguostics Chung Jung-fu 2006, 978957414 1848 Chapter 12 daiachroinic linguistics dia-) 2crass-) two, ehonice =) Gk. chronos, time Lik=--su2 gi2-gian5-hak8 Language has been changing 12.1 origin of languages . £22. m : > _ 4 dls onomatopoeia ( onoma ( Gk.n me ; Gk. poeia, make of Gk. » 08h from gesture /powy. langvege; tea : = - 3. from the growing of the brein capacity 3 3 = he from the genes of the proto-human. ti 0g However, the above hypothesis are all nowt certain. 12.2 the Bistory of tnglish Old Eng. 449-1066 Middle Fnglish 1066-1500 Modern “nglish 1500-present 12.3 tte changing of a language lexicon -\’ 1. borrowing, coinage pork vs meat "nglish is always borrowing lexicons frm other languageSse me lost of a word - cukture effexts, changed by the dominating upper language, %&C. change of eranmar 7 yufa de gaibian. | 1. phonetic changing - €&-+ Great Vowel : Shift of "nglish the vowels became closer ( a-) e; o-)u; etc.) but i -) ai; u-)au and the short form of the equivelent phoeme is reizined in the same eppes position. 1. Great Vowel Shift is a context-free change. 2. it's a push chain. %. it make the speelinng cange irreglar. 12.3.3"2.2 morphlogtal chonge -) koo3-su5--e5 kai2-pian3 - addition or loss Tm#lish lost the gender dictinction and the case suffixes during its development. kgo3-sud,teinge kag? exnanwedicati 2ektont pecame a suffix eg.Gaeldom. Mandarin: xx-sing3; xx-too7; xx-ka; xx-hoa3 grammiticalization is affected by the language contaction. 12.3.2.3 syntactic change 7 1. Old "nglish -) SVO and ROV -) svo, 2. hath not -) dossn&t have. 12.3-2.4 semantic change 1. broadening, narrowing, sementic shift ber- - broadening: bird (a small fowl) ~) any bird, HD - narrowing: meat--\) food.-) fesh of an anmal. = sementic shdft : silly -) happy -) naive -) foolish “the sementic ehangein shifting is from the deviration of sementics,.i, —_. por its misusing. 1 — Ee rWOTR Ody MOTT |g . 12.4 Simtic language : — 4 601 ') -) Ld chinese & Middle “d “Hinese distinction Yuan Dynasty -) Middle Od “hinese & Modern CYinese distincton Qieyun -) may be influenced by Ban ni, a Tndian Rook, tten it using fanaie. Mad Chinese, lingusticlist suggested that the consonant cluster is 4 T dimishied, and the voiced FoR MBB kame unvoiced cnsonaht. and the Zuoyin -) yang; OQingyin -) yin the ping, shang,qu,ru in 962d-Bhinese-- Viddle Old Chinese (merely 4 tones the entrting loss is shown in Beijing Mandarin. the Guoyu's syllables are 1,300; while Hokkien or Hakka is circa. 1870 12.4.2 Lexicns the monosyllabic words is 0,d chinese are more than in Mandarin. the classifier became more: O]d Chinesem, usually without classifiers to descripbe the quantity. iene nlg Chinese, many nouns and adjectives are also bebe tio dbel val ivddicate. Syntacitg : (2) in (1) interrogative, and negetive clause with pronouns as a object of the words cay ty pil + Bhi id ter veep: (THIS) . ba and nei evntax form the bei passive form is influenced by western 7 anguages.42<4 12.5 lang-age reconstruction - comparative reconstruction - internal reconstruction Neo-gramarian -) re structi the P - 1 APEUHE SPD GP? od BaRPEUAE MEEEGRE nEZRREIDE ot ree eee reconstructing language -) principles of majority and principle of lp- langusge comparison has to find the systemic phonetic correspondance to fnd if they're congates or nt. 12.5.2 intersl recnstretin -merph word-forming and the intseractin of voices. complementary distrudution -)/e eh(i) and ch- in Taiwanese. the reason of language changing ease of articulation (huat-im hong-pian) - analogy = language cont act HH ease of artichlation: assimilation and diss@milation - progressive assimilation and regressive assimilation and mutual assimilation : pAat-a2 ; intpossible -)impossible mutual assimilation: ng-mo -) m mofng5-moo) in Puxian; n + pe -) m me (don't sell) in Buxian 12.6.1.2 dissimilation deletion; insertion; metathesis -) autumn -) /n/ deletes insertion -) wantd -) wanted mettathesis: kitchen -) kiStin -) st changing snalosy -) jreamt chunded 9s dreamed. Language ¢uiaetion 5-hun}+-kai3--suann3- isogloss ( seperating-language line) diglossia and bilingualism superstratum vs substratum ( hogh language and low language) language changéhg makes word-borrowing 12.7 theories in historical linguististsxs 1. nen-trammar an: the sound change has no exception. 2. lewical diffusion (khok-san3) teory the chaiging of lexicon is from random, but the effect will spread tob more languageée 12.723 wave-theory (like th distribution of Japenese aho vs baka. 12.7.4 language faily tree( tree of genetic languages) the disputes: the corpus to be compared s uld be large enoughe the size of a lingvyage group and how to determnd the association catearv.